While coal was historically considered a low-cost energy source, its environmental impact has made it less viable, prompting a shift toward cleaner and more affordable alternatives such as natural gas. At the same time, innovation and renewable energy sources, particularly wind and solar, are rapidly expanding, complementing traditional fossil fuels that continue to power much of the global economy. To meet growing demand, a multifaceted approach is needed, focusing on energy efficiency, resource productivity, and sustainable solutions to ensure long-term economic growth and energy security.